Example of Pragmatic Translation

Translation Procedures

The following are the different translation procedures that Newmark (1988b) proposes:

1.      Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."

Example :

·         My uncle works as supervisor in that company : Pamanku bekerja sebagai supervisor di perusahan itu

·         Jack is a master in mathematic : Jack adalah seorang master di matematika.

2.      Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)

Example :

• Internet
The internet access is too slow
Koneksi internetnya sangat lambat
• Account
What is your account?
Apa akun mu?
• Laptop = leptop

3.      Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example :

·         “Security Guard” is translated to be “satpam” in Bahasa Indonesia

·         “patrolman” is translated to be “peronda” in Bahasa Indonesia

4.      Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example :

• Kimono  (Jepang) = Batik ( Indonesia)
• Cheongsam (china) =  Sarre ( India )

5.      Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example :

• Tempe/tahu  = common food that we can eat everyday
• Kurma   = common food that Arabian people eat every day

6.      Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)

Example  :   

7.      Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example :

·         Funny: Humorous, Comical, Hilarious, Hysterical

·         Outgoing: Friendly, Sociable, Warm, Extroverted

8.      Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example :

·         “photo studio” in English is still translated as photo studio in Bahasa Indonesia

·         Manchester University = Universitas Manchester

9.      Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)

Example :

·         Stars = Bintang (bukan bintang-bintang)

·         Succeed = success

10.  Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)

Example :

·         “ I am going to be a mother” is translated to be “you are going to have a child”

·         “It isn’t expensive” is translated to be It’s cheap.

11.  Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)

Example :

·         USSR (Unnited Soviet Socialist Republic )  = Uni Soviet

·         UNO (United Nation Organization) = PBB (Persatuan Bangsa Bangsa)

12.  Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)

Example :

·         Vengeance is mine  = saatnya balas dendam

·         Have a good time  = bersenang senanglah !

13.  Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example :

·         Original Text : “To improve English, you should learn new vocabulary on a daily basis.”

Paraphrasing Text : “To improve English, new vocabulary should be learned on a daily basis”

·         Original Text : “It can be difficult to choose a suitable place to study English.”

Paraphrasing Text :

·                “It is often a challenge to pick up a relevant school to learn English.”

·                “It is sometimes hard to select an appropriate place to learn English.”

14.  Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example :

15.  Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example :

·         PS : Milky Way is a galaxy = NB : Bima Sakti adalah sebuah galaxy

·         Spoiler : Fast and Furious 7 will be display on 2015 = Bocoran : Fust and Furious akan tayang pada tahun 2015

Jenis-Jenis Terjemahan Menurut Ahli

According to Larson (1984: 15)

•         Translation is classified into two main types, namely form-based translation and meaning-based translation.

•         Forms-based translation attempts to follow the form of the source language (SL) and it is known as literal translation.

•         Meaning-based translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the SL text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Such translation is called idiomatic translation.

Menurut Larson (1984:15)

•         Terjemahan dibagi menjadi dua tipe, yaitu form-based translation (terjemahan berbasis bentuk) dan meaning-based translation (terjemahan berbasis makna)

•         Terjemahan berbasis bentuk mengikuti bentuk dari bahasa sumber dan dikenal sebagai literal translation (terjemahan literal)

•         Terjemahan berbasis makna untuk mengkomunikasikan makna dari teks bahasa sumber dalam bentuk aslinya ke bahasa penerima. Terjmahan seperti itu disebut idiomatic translation (terjemahan idiomatis)

According to Catford (1978: 21)

·      Based on the extent, the types of translation are:

1)   Full translation, it is a type of translation in which the entire SL text is reproduced by the TL text materials.

2)  Partial translation, there are only some parts of the SL text to be translated into the TL text.

·         In terms of level, the types of translation are:

1)   Total translation, the TL material replaces all levels of the SL text.

2)   Restricted translation, it is the replacement of SL textual material with equivalent TL material at only one level; whether at the phonological level, graphological level, or at the level of grammar and lexis.

·         In terms of rank, translation is divided into:

1)   Rank-bound translation, it means that the selection of TL text equivalent is limited at only one rank, such as word-for-word equivalence, morpheme-for-morpheme equivalence, etc.

2)  Unbounded translation, it can move freely up and down the rank-scale.

Menurut Catford (1978:21)

·         Berdasarkan luasnya, jenis-jenis terjemahan yaitu:

1 ) Full translation (terjemahan lengkap) adalah jenis terjemahan di mana seluruh teks bahasa sumber dibuat kembali ke materi teks bahasa target.

2 ) Partial translation (terjemahan parsial/sebagian) , hanya beberapa bagian dari teks bahasa sumber yang akan diterjemahkan ke dalam teks bahasa target.

·         Berdasarkan tingkatnya , jenis-jenis terjemahan yaitu :

1 ) Total translation (terjemahan mutlak), yaitu materi teks bahasa target menggantikan semua tingkat teks bahasa sumber.

2 ) Restricted translation (terjemahan terbatas) , yaitu penggantian materi bahasa sumber tekstual dengan materi bahasa target yang setara hanya pada satu tingkat ; baik pada tingkat fonologi , tingkat graphological , atau tingkat tata bahasa dan kosa kata.

·         Berdasarkan peringkatnya,  terjemahan dibagi menjadi :

1 ) Rank-bound translation (terjemahan terbatas peringkat) , berarti dalam pemilihan teks bahasa target yang setara dibatasi pada hanya satu peringkat , seperti kesetaraan kata demi kata, kesetaraan morfem demi morfem, dll.

2 ) Unbounded translation (terjemahan tak terbatas) , dapat bergerak bebas naik dan turun skala peringkat.

According to Brislin in Choliludin (2007: 26-30)

•         Based on the purposes of translation:

1)         Pragmatic translation: it refers to the translation of a message with an interest in accuracy of the information that was meant to be conveyed in the SL form and it is not conveyed with other aspects of the original language version. Example: the translation of the information about repairing a machine.

2)         Aesthetic-poetic translation: it refers to translation in which the translator takes into account the affect, emotion, and feeling of an original version, the aesthetic form used by the original author, as well as any information in the message. Example: the translation of sonnet, rhyme, heroic couplet, dramatic dialogue, and novel.

3)         Ethnographic translation: its purpose is to explicate the cultural context of the SL and TL versions. Translators have to be sensitive to the way words are used and must know how the word fits into cultures. Example: the use of the word ‘yes’ versus ‘yeah’ in America.

4)         Linguistic translation: is concerned with equivalent meanings of the constituent morphemes of the SL and grammatical form. Example: language in a computer program and translation machine.

Menurut Brislin di Choliludin (2007: 26-30)

Berdasarkan tujuan terjemahan :

1 ) Pragmatic translation (terjemahan Pragmatis) : mengacu pada terjemahan dari pesan yang berkepentingan dengan keakuratan informasi yang dimaksudkan untuk disampaikan dalam bentuk bahasa sumber dan tidak disampaikan dalam aspek-aspek lain dari versi bahasa aslinya . Contoh : terjemahan dari informasi tentang memperbaiki mesin .

2 ) Aesthetic-poetic translation (terjemahan Aesthetic puitis) : mengacu pada penerjemahan dimana penerjemah memperhitungkan pengaruh, emosi , dan perasaan versi asli, bentuk estetika yang digunakan oleh penulis asli , serta informasi dalam pesan . Contoh : terjemahan dari soneta , sajak , bait heroik , dialog dramatis , dan novel .

3 ) Ethnographic translation (terjemahan Etnografi) : tujuannya adalah untuk menjelaskan konteks budaya bahasa sumber dan versi bahasa target . Penerjemah harus peka dengan kata-kata yang digunakan dan harus tahu bagaimana kata itu cocok dengan budaya . Contoh : penggunaan kata ' yes ' serta ' yeah ' di Amerika .

4 ) Linguistic translation (terjemahan Linguistik) : berfokus pada kesetaraan makna dengan morfem konstituen dari bahasa sumber dan bentuk gramatikal . Contoh : bahasa dalam program komputer dan mesin penerjemahan.

According to Jacobson in Leonardi (2000)

1) Intralingual translation (monolingual translation), 2) interlingual translation (bilingual or multilingual translation), and 3) intersemiotic translation (verbal sign into non-verbal sign).

•         Intralingual translation refers to a translation in which verbal signs are interpreted by means of other signs of the same language. It happens within the same language (monolingual)

•         Interlingual translation is the one which refers to different languages whether it is bilingual or multilingual.

•         Intersemiotic translation refers to an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of non-verbal sign systems.

Menurut Jacobson di Leonardi (2000)

1 ) terjemahan intralingual ( terjemahan monolingual ) , 2 ) terjemahan interlingual ( terjemahan dwibahasa atau multibahasa ) , dan 3 ) terjemahan intersemiotic ( tanda verbal menjadi tanda non -verbal ) .

·         Intralingual translation  (Terjemahan intralingual) mengacu pada terjemahan yang tanda-tanda verbal ditafsirkan dengan cara tanda-tanda lain dari bahasa yang sama . Hal ini terjadi dalam bahasa yang sama ( satu bahasa )

• Interlingual translation (Terjemahan interlingual) mengacu pada salah satu bahasa yang berbeda entah itu bilingual atau multilingual .
• Intersemiotic translation (Terjemahan Intersemiotic) mengacu pada interpretasi tanda-tanda verbal yang melalui tanda-tanda lain dari sistem-sistem tanda non-verbal .

Assignment Translation 1

Definitions of Translation

Definition 1 (Nida, 1969: 12)

“ Translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.”

“Penerjemahan merupakan proses menghasilkan kembali padanan informasi dari bahasa sumber secara alamiah yang lebih dekat ke dalam bahasa penerima , yang pertama dalam hal makna dan yang kedua dalam gaya bahasa.

Definition 2 (Catford, 1978: 20)

“Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).”

“Penerjemahan adalah penggantian materi tekstual dalam satu bahasa dengan materi tekstual yang setara dalam bahasa lain.”

Definition 3 (Larson, 1984: 3)

“ Translation is transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. It is meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant.”

“Penerjemahan adalah pemindahan makna dari bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa penerima. Ini bermula dilakukan dari bentuk bahasa pertama ke bentuk bahasa kedua dengan cara struktur semantik. Hal ini berarti yang sedang ditransfer dan harus tetap konstan.”

Definition 4 (Newmark, 1988: 5)

“Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.”

“Penerjemahan adalah penyumbangkan makna dari teks ke dalam bahasa lain dengan cara yang dimaksudkan penulis pada teks tersebut."

Definition 5 (Hawkes in Basnett-McGuire ,1991:13)

“Translation involves the transfer of ‘meaning’ contained in one set of language signs into another set of language through competent use of the dictionary and grammar, the process involves a whole set of extralinguistic criteria also.”

"Penerjemahan melibatkan pemindahan dari “artian” yang terkandung dalam satu set tanda-tanda bahasa ke dalam satu set bahasa lain melalui penggunaan kompeten kamus dan tata bahasa, proses tersebut juga melibatkan seluruh rangkaian kriteria linguistik ekstra."

Definition 6 (Sperber and Wilson in Bell (1991:6)

 “Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language.”

"Penerjemahan adalah penggantian gambaran teks dalam satu bahasa dengan gambaran dari teks yang setara dalam bahasa kedua."

Definition 7 (Toury in James, 2000)

“Translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions.”

“Penerjemahan adalah salah satu jenis kegiatan yang pasti melibatkan setidaknya dua bahasa dan dua tradisi budaya. "

Definition 8 (Steiner in Choliludin, 2006: 5)

 “Translation can be seen as (co) generation of texts under specific constraints that is relative stability of some situational factors and, therefore, register, and classically, change of language and (context of) culture.”

 "Penerjemahan dapat dilihat sebagai sesama generasi dari teks di bawah kendala tertentu yang relatif stabil dari beberapa faktor situasional dan, oleh karena itu, mendaftar, dan secara sederhana, perubahan bahasa dan (konteks) budaya.”

             Shinta Arifa Musti (2201412002)